Easiest alcohols ,phenols and ethers Acids Notes12th class Cbse

"Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers" in Class 12 Chemistry:

Introduction: Alcohols, phenols, and ethers are three important classes of organic compounds. Alcohols are compounds in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is attached to a carbon atom. Phenols are compounds in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is attached to a benzene ring. Ethers are compounds in which an oxygen atom is bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups.

Nomenclature: Alcohols are named by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -ol. Phenols are named by adding the suffix -ol to the name of the parent hydrocarbon. Ethers are named by naming the two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the oxygen atom, followed by the word "ether".

Preparation: Alcohols can be prepared by several methods, such as the hydration of alkenes, the reduction of carbonyl compounds, and the reduction of nitro compounds. Phenols can be prepared by the hydrolysis of diazonium salts, the oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons, and the electrophilic substitution of aromatic compounds. Ethers can be prepared by the Williamson ether synthesis, which involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with an alkyl halide.

Physical properties: Alcohols, phenols, and ethers are all polar compounds and exhibit hydrogen bonding. Alcohols and phenols have higher boiling points than ethers due to their ability to form stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

Chemical properties: Alcohols can undergo several reactions such as dehydration, oxidation, and esterification. Phenols can undergo electrophilic substitution reactions, such as the reaction with nitric acid to form picric acid. Ethers are relatively inert compounds and do not undergo many reactions.

Uses: Alcohols are commonly used as solvents, antiseptics, and fuels. Phenols are used as disinfectants, antiseptics, and in the production of resins and plastics. Ethers are used as solvents and as intermediates in the synthesis of other organic compounds.

In conclusion, the chapter "Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers" in Class 12 Chemistry covers important concepts related to the nomenclature, preparation, physical and chemical properties, and uses of alcohols, phenols, and ethers.