Easiest biomolecule Notes12th class Cbse

detailed note on the chapter "Biomolecules" in Class 12 Chemistry:

Introduction: Biomolecules are the molecules that are involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms. Biomolecules can be broadly classified into four types: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth, and they are essential for providing energy to the body. Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides based on their structure. Monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, are the simplest carbohydrates and cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller sugars. Disaccharides, such as sucrose and lactose, are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides, such as starch and cellulose, are formed by the condensation of many monosaccharide units. Proteins: Proteins are large biomolecules that are involved in various cellular processes, including structural support, enzymatic catalysis, and transport. Proteins are composed of amino acid monomers that are linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins are classified into four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Lipids: Lipids are a diverse group of biomolecules that are insoluble in water. Lipids are classified into four types: fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Fatty acids are the building blocks of most lipids and are composed of a carboxylic acid group attached to a hydrocarbon chain. Triglycerides are formed by the esterification of three fatty acids with a glycerol molecule. Phospholipids are composed of a polar head group and two fatty acid tails and are the main component of cell membranes. Steroids, such as cholesterol and hormones, are composed of a four-ring structure and have various physiological functions. Nucleic Acids: Nucleic acids are biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotide monomers that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. Nucleic acids are classified into two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is composed of a double helix structure and stores genetic information, while RNA is involved in the synthesis of proteins. Conclusion: The chapter "Biomolecules" in Class 12 Chemistry covers the essential biomolecules carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The knowledge of these biomolecules is crucial in understanding the biochemistry and metabolic processes in living organisms.