Easiest amines Notes12th class Cbse

"Amines" :

Introduction:

Amines are organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more alkyl or aryl groups. Amines are classified based on the number of alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom: primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°). Amines have a wide range of applications, including as solvents, dyes, and pharmaceuticals.

Preparation of Amines:

1. Reduction of Nitro Compounds:

Amines can be prepared by reducing nitro compounds with reducing agents such as hydrogen gas (H2) or tin (Sn) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).

2. Reduction of Nitriles:

Amines can also be prepared by reducing nitriles with reducing agents such as lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) or sodium borohydride (NaBH4).

3. Gabriel Synthesis:

Primary amines can be synthesized by the Gabriel synthesis, which involves the reaction of potassium phthalimide with an alkyl halide, followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation.

4. Hoffmann Bromamide Reaction:

Amines can also be prepared by the Hoffmann bromamide reaction, which involves the reaction of a primary amide with bromine and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), followed by heating with a strong acid.

Properties of Amines:

1. Basicity:

Amines are basic in nature due to the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. The basicity of amines depends on the number of alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom.

2. Solubility:

Amines are generally soluble in organic solvents, but their solubility in water decreases with increasing size of the alkyl or aryl groups.

3. Boiling Point:

The boiling points of amines increase with increasing size of the alkyl or aryl groups due to stronger intermolecular forces.

4. Alkylation and Acylation:

Amines can be alkylated or acylated to form secondary or tertiary amines. The reaction involves the replacement of one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the nitrogen atom with an alkyl or acyl group.

Reactions of Amines:

1. Reaction with Acids:

Amines react with acids to form salts. The salts are soluble in water and are often used in the preparation of pharmaceuticals.

2. Reaction with Nitrous Acid:

Primary amines react with nitrous acid (HNO2) to form nitrosoamines, which are used in the production of dyes.

3. Reaction with Carbonyl Compounds:

Amines can react with carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones, to form imines. The reaction is known as the Schiff base reaction and is used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.

4. Reaction with Haloalkanes:

Amines can react with haloalkanes to form secondary and tertiary amines. The reaction is known as the alkylation reaction and is used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.

In conclusion, the chapter "Amines" in Class 12 Chemistry covers the preparation, properties, and reactions of amines. Understanding the chemistry of amines is important in many fields, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and organic solvents

Easiest Coordination compound Notes12th class Cbse

"Coordination Compounds" in Class 12 Chemistry:

Introduction:

Coordination compounds are complex compounds that contain a central metal ion or atom surrounded by a group of ligands. The ligands are molecules or ions that donate a pair of electrons to the metal ion, forming a coordinate bond. Coordination compounds have many practical applications, including in medicine, catalysis, and materials science.

Nomenclature:

Coordination compounds are named using a set of rules that specify the order in which the ligands and metal ion are named. The ligands are named first, followed by the metal ion, and then any counter ions. The naming of ligands is based on their nature and the number of donor atoms they have.

Isomerism:

Coordination compounds exhibit different types of isomerism, including structural isomerism, stereo isomerism, and geometrical isomerism. Structural isomerism occurs when the ligands are arranged differently around the metal ion. Stereoisomerism occurs when the ligands are arranged in the same way around the metal ion, but the spatial orientation of the ligands is different. Geometrical isomerism occurs when the ligands are arranged in the same way around the metal ion, but the relative orientation of the ligands is different.

Bonding:

The bonding in coordination compounds can be explained using various models, including the valence bond theory and the crystal field theory. The valence bond theory explains the bonding in terms of overlapping orbitals between the metal ion and the ligands. The crystal field theory explains the bonding in terms of the electrostatic interaction between the metal ion and the ligands.

Magnetic Properties:

The magnetic properties of coordination compounds can be used to determine their electronic configuration. Coordination compounds can be classified as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, or ferromagnetic depending on their electronic configuration.

Applications:

Coordination compounds have many practical applications, including in medicine, catalysis, and materials science. In medicine, coordination compounds are used as chemotherapy drugs. In catalysis, coordination compounds are used as catalysts for various reactions. In materials science, coordination compounds are used to make materials with specific properties.

In conclusion, the chapter "Coordination Compounds" in Class 12 Chemistry covers important concepts related to the nomenclature, isomerism, bonding, magnetic properties, and applications of coordination compounds.